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</p><p><b>Accelerants</b>, or <b>accelerators</b>, are <a href="Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">substances</a> that increase the rate of a natural or artificial <a href="Chemical_process" title="Chemical process">chemical process</a>. They play a major role in <a href="Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, as most <a href="Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> can be hastened with an accelerant. Understanding accelerants is crucial in <a href="Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>, <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, and other fields where controlled chemical reactions are essential. Accelerants function by either altering a <a href="Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bond</a>, speeding up a chemical process, or changing the reaction conditions. Unlike <a href="Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a>, accelerants may be consumed during the process.

</p><p>They are commonly used in contexts such as <a href="Fire_investigation" title="Fire investigation">fire investigation</a> where they can indicate <a href="Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, in <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> to speed the <a href="Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">curing</a> of building materials, and in <a href="Sulfur_vulcanization" title="Sulfur vulcanization">sulfur vulcanization</a> to produce rubber products such as <a href="Tire" title="Tire">tyres</a>. In fire investigation, accelerants are often detected through laboratory analysis of fire debris. Various types of accelerants exist, including liquids, solids, and gases, each with specific properties and applications.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulcanization">Vulcanization</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Sulfur_vulcanization#Accelerants" title="Sulfur vulcanization">Sulfur vulcanization § Accelerants</a></div>

<p>Vulcanization of rubber can be categorized primarily into two types: sulfur and peroxide vulcanization. Both chemical processes are examples of using an accelerant.

</p><p>Sulfur vulcanization, the more traditional method, uses sulfur to create cross-links between rubber polymer chains, enhancing flexibility and durability. Sulfur vulcanization is a chemical process crucial to the rubber industry, transforming raw rubber into a durable, elastic material. This process is suitable for a wide range of rubber products.

</p><p>On the other hand, peroxide vulcanization uses organic peroxides to form cross-links, resulting in rubber that withstands higher temperatures and chemical exposure better than sulfur-vulcanized rubber. Each method offers distinct properties to the rubber, tailored to specific applications and performance requirements.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cement_and_concrete">Cement and concrete</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cement_accelerator" title="Cement accelerator">Cement accelerator</a></div>

<p>Cement accelerators are available as <a href="Admixture_(concrete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Admixture (concrete)">admixtures</a> for use in <a href="Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>, <a href="Cement_render" title="Cement render">render</a>, and <a href="Screed" title="Screed">screed</a>. The addition of an accelerator speeds the setting time and thus <a href="Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">curing</a> starts earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Justnes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justnes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows concrete to be placed in winter with reduced risk of <a href="Frost_damage_(construction)" title="Frost damage (construction)">frost damage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concrete is damaged if it does not reach a strength of 500 pounds per square inch (3.4 MPa) before freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonenCortezDurning199719_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonenCortezDurning199719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical cement accelerators are <a href="Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">calcium nitrate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Ca(NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), <a href="Calcium_formate" title="Calcium formate">calcium formate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Ca(HCOO)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), and <a href="Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NaNO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Fire_accelerant" title="Fire accelerant">Fire accelerant</a></div>

<p>In <a href="Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">fire protection</a>, the term <i>accelerant</i> is used differently from its use in chemistry, to refer to any material that initiates and promotes the development of <a href="Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, including in cases of <a href="Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, whether a chemical or not. Chemists distinguish an accelerant from a <a href="Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, such as gasoline. This usage of <i>accelerant</i> is also referred to by the term <b>ignitable liquid</b>.

</p><p>A fire is a self-sustaining, <a href="Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">exothermic</a> oxidation reaction that emits heat and light. When accelerants such as oxygen-bearing liquids and gases (like <a href="Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></a>) are used, fires produce more heat, consume fuel more quickly, and spread quicker. Fires involving liquid accelerants like gasoline burn quicker, but at the same temperature as fires involving ordinary fuels.

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<ul><li><a href="Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate_equation" title="Rate equation">Rate equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Retarder_(chemistry)" title="Retarder (chemistry)">Retarder (chemistry)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Justnes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Justnes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justnes, H. (2000): Accelerator Blends for Portland Cement. Proceedings of Cement and Concrete Technology in the 2000s, September 6–10, 2000, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol. 1, pp. 433–442</span>

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<li id="cite_note-ACI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACI_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ACI 306R-88: Cold Weather Concreting. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725150450/http://www.ccagc.org/pdfs/ACI_306R-88_Cold_Weather_Concreting.pdf">"Cold Weather Concreting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Concrete Contractors Association of Greater Chicago</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccagc.org/pdfs/ACI_306R-88_Cold_Weather_Concreting.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonenCortezDurning199719-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonenCortezDurning199719_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorhonenCortezDurning1997">Korhonen, Cortez & Durning 1997</a>, p. 19.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKorhonenCortezDurning1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Korhonen, Charles J.; Cortez, Edel R.; Durning, Timothy A. (1997). "Antifreeze Admixtures for Concrete". <i><a href="Cold_Regions_Research_and_Engineering_Laboratory" title="Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory">Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory</a></i>. Special Report 97-26. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781428913158</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/accelerant" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/accelerant">accelerant</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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